Hard, Soft, and Smart Power – Education as a Power Resource

Hard, Soft, and Smart Power – Education as a Power Resource By Aigerim Raimzhanova
2018 | 180 Pages | ISBN: 363173221X | PDF | 3 MB
In the current global context, there is a shift in power paradigm from the rigid realpolitik perspective towards the inclusion of multiple faces of power. This publication focuses on the power forms identified by Joseph Nye: hard, soft, and smart, and evaluates education as a resource of power. Resource ambiguity is one of the key shortcomings of soft power theory. Education is a smart power resource since it has both hard and soft power characteristics. The case study of Kazakhstan reveals that international educational programs allow education to become a power resource.